The following are entry plans for Regular Force officers:
ROTP - Regular Officer Training Plan - civi joins the CF, goes to mil-col or subsidize university - eventually becomes Officer
DEO - Direct Entry Officer - civi gets university degree on his/her own, joins CF as Officer
CEOTP - Continuing Education Officer Training Plan - civi joins CF right out of high-school as Officer, must get University degree within an alotted time period upon MOC qualification
OCTP - Officer Candidate Training Plan - civis join right out of high school - no need to get University degree - this entry plan is no longer in service
CFR - Commissioned From the Ranks - NCMs (MCpl and above) commissioned as Officers - no university degree required
UTP-NCM - University Training Plan - Non Commissioned Member - RegF NCM sent to RMC as mature student - becomes Officer after degree
To answer the questions about rank progression in the Officer Corps...
Regular Force Officers:
Lt - 2 years (promotion to Captain is automatic after 2 years at rank of Lt)
Capt - 5 years to 25 years (no guarantee that you will ever be a Major - based on your PERs, courses, OPMEs completed, staff courses taken, Language Profile, MOC, etc...)