Thanks for the question Argo.
As far as ships go, the above is correct: Only Ville de Quebec is a Franco unit (by the way - that is how we refer to units that work in French in the CF: Franco).
In the reserves, four of the five units in the province of Quebec are Franco, the last one, H.M.C.S. Donnacona, being the only bilingual unit in the Navy. There everything is done in both languages.
Basic is done in St-Jean, in the province of Quebec for all sailors and there are French and English courses. Otherwise, many trade courses are also available in French and when they are not, some language assistance can be provided. The officer corps is mandated to have a large proportion of its ranks that have received language training in the second official language of the country (at flag level - they must all be bilingual).
When I joined, in the mid 70's, there was still a lot of anti-French sentiment in the Navy, particularly in the West. I remember being told by an officer that I could not speak French with one of my mates, also a French-speaker, even though just chatting while off watch. Such things would never happen today and immense strides have been made to accommodate French Canadians in the Navy. There is definitely no bar to advancement for Franco speakers and many of our admirals have been French Canadian. The greatest challenge remains accommodating sailors families. The naval bases are just located in near completely English parts of the country and it makes it difficult for the families to have what they would consider a normal life.
The Army and Air Force have bases in Quebec, so it is easier for them to recruit and retain French Canadians. It is not that Quebec (the only predominantly French province) does not have a maritime tradition. For proof, the coast guard has one of its largest base in Quebec and operates it exclusively in French, including the numerous ships that are based there.
Hope this answers part of your question.